Rationality has long been regarded as a defining characteristic of human nature. Aristotle’s concept of humans as the “rational animal” and Descartes’ assertion, “Cogito, ergo sum” (“I think, therefore I am”), highlight the historical emphasis on reason as central to identity. This perspective suggests that critical thinking, self-reflection, and decision-making based on logic—rather than instinct—set humans apart from animals. Mary Wollstonecraft, for instance, argued that denying women education stripped them of their ability to reason independently, reducing them to a state comparable to “trained animals.” Her critique reinforces the notion that rationality is essential to becoming a fully actualised human being.

Islamic philosophy similarly defines humans as rational beings, emphasising ‘Aqal (intellect) as a divine gift that enables thoughtful engagement with the world. Beyond cognitive ability, ‘Aqal also governs moral and ethical decision-making, guiding individuals toward a meaningful existence. In this view, rationality is intertwined with spirituality, connecting humans to both the material world and their divine purpose. Despite differences in approach, both Western and Islamic perspectives converge on the idea that rationality is central to human nature—a belief that has profoundly influenced our understanding of mental health.

However, this ideal of rationality is challenged when mental illness disrupts cognitive function, emotional regulation, and decision-making. Unlike physical illnesses, which are often viewed as external conditions affecting the body, mental illness is perceived as intrinsic to a person’s identity. Conditions such as depression, schizophrenia, or bipolar disorder affect cognition and behaviour—the very faculties associated with rational thought. As a result, those struggling with mental illness often face not only psychological distress but also a deeper existential crisis, questioning their own worth and humanity.

This intertwining of rationality with self-identity explains why mental illness is so heavily stigmatised. When rationality falters, an individual’s very humanity is questioned. Unlike a physical ailment like diabetes or a broken bone, which does not define the person, mental illness is often seen as a fundamental flaw rather than a medical condition. This perception fosters shame, alienation, and self-doubt, leading individuals to internalise stigma and struggle with a loss of identity. The question shifts from “What is wrong with my body?” to “What is wrong with me?”

Stigma, then, is not just an external societal judgement—it is an internalised experience that shapes how individuals see themselves. A diagnosis can provoke deep self-doubt, reinforcing the false belief that a person’s struggles make them less than fully human. This is why stigma remains one of the most significant barriers to mental health recovery.

To truly address stigma, mental health discourse must shift away from labelling individuals as “irrational” or “weak” and toward a more compassionate understanding of their struggles. It is not enough to simply treat symptoms; individuals must also be empowered to reclaim their sense of self, recognise their worth, and rebuild self-esteem despite societal judgement.

Psychology plays a critical role in this process, but it must extend beyond symptom management to address the shame and self-doubt that stigma cultivates. Mental health struggles should not be seen as moral or existential failings but as part of the human experience. Overcoming stigma requires dismantling the idea that mental illness diminishes a person’s value. True healing involves not just treating mental illness but also repairing the damage stigma inflicts on self-perception.

By shifting our understanding of mental illness, we can foster a society where individuals are not defined by their struggles but supported in their journey toward self-acceptance and healing.